Author Archive
Learning Denied
Today, we released Learning Denied: The Case for Equitable Access to Effective Teaching in California’s Largest School District. This report is the result of an 18 month study of teacher, student and layoff data from the second largest school district in the nation – the Los Angeles Unified School District. Using this data, we were able to quantify the impact of effective teachers on student learning. We looked at the extent to which students of color and students in poverty had access to effective teachers, and we also looked at the impact of quality-blind teacher layoffs. We found that low-income students and students of color in the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) are less likely to be taught by the district’s top teachers – the very teachers capable of closing the district’s achievement gaps. These inequities are exacerbated by teacher mobility patterns and quality-blind layoffs.
The report reveals that:
- Teachers have the potential to dramatically accelerate the learning of their students – with the average student taught by a teacher in the top 25 percent of the district (top quartile in terms of value-added) gaining half a year more of learning in English-Language Arts and four months in math than a student placed with a teacher in the bottom 25 percent (bottom quartile).
- Second-graders who started off behind academically and then had three top-quartile teachers accelerated to academic proficiency, while students with consecutive bottom-quartile teachers remained stuck below grade level.
- Commonly used measures of teacher quality, such as years of experience, are poor predictors of effectiveness in the classroom. While teachers do improve over time, the differences among teachers are far greater than those between teachers at different levels of seniority. For example, the difference between a 10th-year teacher and first-year teacher is only about three and a half weeks in ELA and two and a half weeks in math.
- Effective teachers are inequitably distributed in LAUSD with Latino, African-American and low-income students much less likely to have access to top-quartile teachers. In addition, these top teachers are more likely to leave the district’s highest need schools.
- Quality-blind teacher layoffs in 2009 resulted in the removal of high value-added teachers from the highest need schools. If the district had instead laid off teachers based on effectiveness, only about 5 percent of the ELA teachers and 3 percent of the math teachers actually cut by LAUSD would have been laid off.
We hope that state and local policymakers will focus on these findings and follow through on our recommendations. This work arrives one week after two important reports – the results of the MET project from the Gates Foundation and the results of a study by researchers at Harvard and Columbia highlighted in the New York Times revealing the long-term benefits effective teachers for students. These two reports and our study all highlight the massive learning gains for students who have access to effective teaching. Our report looks at issues of access to effective teaching by race and poverty, finding broad inequities in the nation’s second largest school district and analyzes the negative impacts of a seniority based layoff process forced on the district by the state. All of this work leads to one indelible conclusion – it is time for change. We must place our most effective teachers with our highest need students and work to do whatever is necessary to keep them there.
A blank check to Sacramento would be a Dickens of a bad deal
Back when I was working in schools in New England, we had snow days. In California, our kids have “budget cut days.” Unlike the snow days, there’s no surprise or joy to them and they never get made up. Once they’re gone, they’re gone forever. For those kids who need them the most, like the hundreds of thousands of students in our state who are learning English, the learning time is irretrievably lost.
This November, California voters are going to be asked to vote for ballot initiatives to tax themselves and the rich to raise more money for education. In the coming months, the proponents of these initiatives will serenade us with stories of cuts to the school year, increasing class sizes, and disappearing education services while our state’s wealthiest citizens live high on the hog. I can see the commercials already – a sad child staring out of the screen, begging voters, “Please sir. Tax the rich so I can have a future.” Based on recent polls, Californians are poised to respond to these messages and pass the initiatives.
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We should never waver from an opportunity to do what’s best for kids
It’s become pretty commonplace to bash the federal government’s role in education. Barely a day goes by without someone taking a jab at the Feds, attacking federal education policy and calling for more local control. When I hear those attacks, I remember Lynn.
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The Negative Impact of Shortening CA’s School Year
Today, The Education Trust—West and its partners, Alliance for a Better Community, California Latino School Boards Association, Communities for Teaching Excellence, Education Pioneers, Families In Schools, Full Circle Fund, L.A. Small Schools Center, L.A.’s Promise, National Council of La Raza, Para Los Niños, Parents for Unity, and Youth Policy Institute released Turning Back the Clock: The Inequitable Impact of Shortening California’s School Year.
The policy brief highlights research findings that confirm the critical importance of increased classroom time for improved student achievement, particularly for students in poverty. In fact, the brief identifies a number of schools in California that have extended the school year or school day and have seen improved student learning.
As the brief explains, over the past several years, California’s policymakers have made the inequitable decision to systematically reduce the amount of instructional time that our school districts are required to provide.
For example, under AB 114 signed into law by Governor Brown earlier this year, school districts are allowed to shorten the school year by up to seven additional days if and when state revenues fall short of projections. This could potentially result in California’s districts having the shortest school year in the nation. With the State Controller recently reporting lower state revenues, it appears more and more likely that these mid-year cuts will happen. Once again, our highest need students, including English learners and students from low-income families, will suffer the inequitable impact of state budget cuts.
Given that California has some of the widest achievement gaps and lowest student performance in the nation, reducing learning time in our schools should not be an option.
The clock is ticking. With each hour and with every day, we approach a time when districts around the state will once again consider cutting days off the school year. The time to act is now. If you believe, like we do, that our students deserve both the opportunity and time necessary to achieve their dreams of college and career, write to the governor and your legislator. Call on them to protect the rights of our children and prevent any cuts to California’s school year.
A Great New Opportunity for California
President Obama’s announcement of an application process for waivers of No Child Left Behind provides California with an unprecedented opportunity to improve our education system to better serve all students. Our state’s leaders have been consistently critical of NCLB and asked for relief from its requirements without presenting a real vision for closing California’s persistent achievement gaps. They now have the flexibility to develop a new accountability system focused on cutting our state’s achievement gaps in half. They also have an opportunity to reform our broken teacher evaluation system and guarantee access to college and career ready curriculum for all students. In a state where students of color and low income students represent the majority of our student population, closing opportunity and achievement gaps and implementing critical reforms should be our leaders’ top priorities. California’s future and our students’ hopes and aspirations depend on the willingness of our state leaders to be courageous enough to turn this unprecedented opportunity into a reality.
Invest in Education to Wage a New War on Poverty
The data just released on poverty in California is stark and maddening. Nearly a quarter of our state’s children now live below the poverty line. There was a point in time when our nation engaged in a war on poverty. Now, we have a war on just about everything else. When I was a Volunteer in Service to America (VISTA) in Appalachia in my early twenties, I handled the finances as a representative payee of more than a dozen men and women. Their lives were a daily struggle of small but powerful choices over dollars and I would get their calls at all times of the day or night asking for a few dollars for some expense or another. I remember haggling with landlords who wanted to kick them out and calculating the impact of a leaky faucet on monthly cash flow. I remember thinking about the paths they had taken to that point. So many of them had never been given a chance. So many couldn’t read or write. So many had been dependent on others their entire lives. The culture of dependency was as dehumanizing as the experience of poverty itself.
We should give people a helping hand when they need it. But giving people a helping hand is not enough; we also have to give them the means to climb out of poverty. There is no greater equalizer than a quality education. Yet, just at a time when we could be using our education system as that great equalizer, we are systematically defunding it. And in doing so, we are taking away the additional education supports and opportunities that are most likely to lift our children in poverty to greater levels of achievement and financial independence for their families. People love to argue we can’t close achievement gaps because they are rooted in poverty. But the fact is that each child has such enormous potential. If our education system doesn’t give them every opportunity to fulfill that, it just drains away. Other nations have made the decision to invest in their education systems and expand opportunities for their children. Is it any wonder that their economies are booming while ours appears to be in steady decline.
Long Past Time to Unlock Doors to College and Career Success for Our Youth
Our new report: Unlocking Doors and Expanding Opportunities: Moving Beyond the Limiting Reality of College and Career Readiness in California High Schools provides important insights into how California high schools are failing to prepare far too many of our students, particularly our low-income students and students of color, for success in college and career. I want to commend the authors, Tameka McGlawn, Linda Murray and Carrie Hahnel for their great work in putting this report together. It’s a reflection of three levels of work here at ETW.
First, the report documents the results of six years of work in multiple districts that made a commitment to close longstanding opportunity gaps to ensure that all of their students had access to the full A-G coursework sequence. That work was pioneered and led by Linda Murray as a Superintendent at San Jose Unified School District. On August 2nd, Jossey Bass will publish a book authored by Linda, Diploma Matters, based on this work. The book documents the lessons learned from this work and gives practitioners the tools they need to ensure that all of their students have the option to attend college.
Tameka McGlawn joined us one year ago and has led our study of the Linked Learning approach to high school reform. As a former head counselor and dean of students at Kearny Construction Tech Academy, one of the most renowned Linked Learning model sites in the country, Tameka is well aware of the both the promise and potential pitfalls of the Linked Learning model in regards to equitable outcomes for students – particularly students of color and low-income students. Her deep understanding of how to link college and career readiness at the practice level and bridge what has often been a polarizing gap between the two has framed the writing of the report.
Lastly, Carrie Hahnel’s expertise in research and data analysis and keen equity lens refined the structure, findings and presentation of the report. Carrie brought ETW into the 21st century by pioneering our process of large-scale transcript analysis, allowing us to analyze and present the deep systemic inequities in student outcomes presented in the report.
For me, the first big take-away from this report is how far we have to go to match rhetoric with results. Our data shows how few students are graduating prepared for college and career, deeply inequitable outcomes for students of color and low-income students, and systemic practices that contribute to negative outcomes for students with lifetime implications. My second take-away is my hope for reform through approaches such as A-G for All and Linked Learning. In the end, the longstanding debate between college or career readiness has been counterproductive. Our energy is far better used in figuring out how we can make sure that our students are prepared for both.
A Big Fat “F” for California When it Comes to Improving Latino Student Achievement
Today’s report from the National Center for Education Statistics shows achievement is rising for Latino students nationally but has barely budged in California. At a national level, particularly in fourth-grade reading, the gap between whites and Latinos has narrowed by 10 points since 2000 — about a full year’s worth of learning. However, huge gaps remain.
Nationally, over the past two decades, the Latino student population in our schools has increased by 138 percent, to more than 11 million students. Over the past two decades, the Latino student population in California has increased by approximately 64 percent, with almost 3.2 million Latino students currently enrolled in the state’s schools. Not only is this a large chunk of the nation’s Latino students, but by itself, the Latino student population of California is larger than the individual student populations of every state in the Union except Texas. This year, for the first time, CA’s Latino students are a majority of the state’s student population.
That’s why the size and scale of the achievement gaps for Latino students and minimal gains in closing these gaps are so scary.
In fourth-grade reading and math and eighth-grade math, Latino students in California scored below the national average, while white students did not score measurably different from the national average.
On the fourth-grade reading assessment, California made gains of a mere 5 points among Latinos from 2003-2009, while other states, including Florida, Hawaii, and Maryland made at least two times the gains of California’s Latino students (10 points, or an additional years’-worth of learning).
In eighth-grade math, Latino students in California improved by 6 points from 2003 to 2009. While Latino students in 22 states and DC improved, in Arkansas, Delaware, and D.C., the gains were 20 points or more, or about an additional two years’-worth of learning.
Below is a chart showing our current gaps:
|
Latino |
White |
Latino-White Gap |
||
| 4th Grade | Math 2003 |
216 |
243 |
27 |
| Math 2009 |
219 |
247 |
28 |
|
| Reading 2003 |
191 |
224 |
33 |
|
| Reading 2009 |
196 |
227 |
31 |
|
| 8th grade | Math 2003 |
250 |
283 |
33 |
| Math 2009 |
256 |
289 |
33 |
|
| Reading 2003 |
237 |
265 |
28 |
|
| Reading 2009 |
241 |
269 |
28 |
Lackluster performance among Latino students is often attributed to language acquisition issues. But according to the U.S. Department of Education, only 16 percent of Hispanic school-aged children speak a language other than English in the home and have difficulty speaking English themselves. And nearly one-third of secondary students considered to be English-language learners actually are third-generation Americans — meaning they and their parents were born in this country and educated in our schools.
Too many Latino students, regardless of language status, enter school behind their white counterparts. But the NCES data show that when we concentrate on improving instruction and raising expectations, Latino achievement rises.
Of course, California’s education leaders are far better at making excuses and pointing fingers at our Latino communities in California than they are in improving Latino student performance. Currently, our leaders don’t have the passion, vision or plan for closing Latino achievement gaps or for that matter any achievement or opportunity gap for our communities of color. We all know that the most important factor in closing gaps is teacher quality but unlike other state leaders, our leaders have shown no desire to make the changes necessary to ensure that our most effective teachers are teaching our highest need students. They’re too busy cozying up with lobbyists in Sacramento representing adult interests and blaming “testing” because of the troubling gaps and performance issues it reveals. It’s time for that to end. But the only way for it to end is for communities to hold their elected leaders accountable for the current miserable performance of our education system for Latino students.
More than Just Seniority – Tools For Community Action
Last week, we added an important set of tools to our website to empower communities to act on behalf of their children. We know that high poverty schools with large percentages of students of color are more likely to suffer the impact of teacher layoffs. With the ongoing budget talks continuing to drag on and a ten billion dollar hole in the state budget, it is possible that education could see even more cuts. We hope that communities will use the tools on our website to identify the schools most likely to experience layoffs and use the existing flexibility in the law to protect their most vulnerable schools and students. Sometimes it takes a lawsuit like the Reed case in Los Angeles Unified and sometimes, it just takes simple courage, like that shown by Superintendent Jonathon Raymond and the Sacramento City school board, to protect the schools and students most in need of stability in difficult times.
A Challenge to the Sacramento Status Quo From Mayor Villaraigosa
It was a hell of speech in front of a packed room of Sacramento movers and shakers. The mayor of California’s largest and most diverse city called for fundamental changes in the ways districts evaluate teachers in California and the decisions based on those evaluations. He wasn’t afraid to confront the status quo with pointed rhetoric about how our current system isn’t working for teachers, students or communities. He was joined in his call by the presenters and the panelists who followed including teachers who talked extensively about how the current system was not working for them and the promise of the new systems being developed by the College Ready Promise and LAUSD and implemented by TAP in Lucia Mar Unified. Final panelists including Senator Bob Huff and Assembly member Felipe Fuentes, along with School Board President Layla Avila, Lucia Mar Asst. Superintendent Michelle Ellis and Middle School Teacher Kyle Hunsberger were similarly eloquent in their comments about the immediate need to change our broken evaluation system. With some powerful interests in Sacramento increasingly poised to not just prevent reform but to roll back many of the reforms of the last several years, it was refreshing to witness the receptivity of a diverse audience of policy makers and education stakeholders to the ideas for improvement. Hopefully, we will see movement in positive direction.
